The Political Shift and the Potential for Social Movements in Japan
Following the July House of Councillors election, Japan experienced a significant political shift. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and its junior coalition partner Komeito lost their majority status, becoming minority ruling parties in both houses of the Diet. This development has created uncertainty regarding the future direction of governance in the country. At the same time, there are growing concerns about the rise of the Sanseito party, which has been associated with exclusionist rhetoric targeting foreigners and minorities.
Kyoko Tominaga, an associate professor at Ritsumeikan University who specializes in social movements, shared her insights on this evolving landscape. In a recent interview, she emphasized that while political instability may seem threatening, it could also serve as an opportunity for social movements to gain momentum.
A New Era for Social Movements
Tominaga explained that the current political turmoil, including party splits and realignments, presents a unique chance for social movements to emerge and expand. Historically, Japan has been dominated by the LDP, leading many voters to believe that stability without change is preferable. However, the visible conflicts and divisions in the Diet, along with the challenges of governing under a minority government, can be seen as an opportunity rather than a threat.
She acknowledged that the upper house election campaign was marked by baseless rumors and slander, particularly on social media. While some might find it difficult to view this instability positively, Tominaga pointed out that even movements with harmful ideologies, such as xenophobic ones, can be studied as forms of social movements. She stressed that these movements often have common impacts, including fostering division and reinforcing echo chambers.
The Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Opinion
Social media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing social movements. Tominaga highlighted how platforms like social media can create filter bubbles and echo chambers, where users are exposed only to information that aligns with their existing beliefs. This phenomenon can amplify differences and make it harder for diverse perspectives to coexist.
Despite these challenges, Tominaga believes that social movements, regardless of their causes, have the potential to drive meaningful change. She emphasized that movements aimed at expanding rights for minorities, such as eliminating gender discrimination and improving LGBTQ+ rights, have made progress over the past decade. While there have been backlash efforts to suppress these rights, counterarguments and rebuttals continue to be voiced.
Recognizing the Power of Individual Participation
One of the key points Tominaga raised is the perception of low participation in social movements in Japan. According to the World Values Survey, Japan’s protest participation rate is significantly lower compared to countries like France and Germany. However, Tominaga argues that this does not necessarily mean Japan has low participation. Instead, she suggests that much of the involvement is invisible or individualized.
Countless people engage in activities that can influence society, such as volunteering, discussing political issues online, or sharing election-related posts. These actions may not always be recognized as formal social movements, but they contribute to societal change. Tominaga cited the Fuji Television issue, where a movement emerged online after a celebrity involved in a sexual harassment scandal was forced to retire. The hashtag “the real reason I quit my job” gained traction as individuals shared their experiences of workplace harassment.
Changing Perceptions and Building Hope
In her recent book, “Naze Sekai wa Kawaru no ka” (“Why society changes”), Tominaga highlights examples of social movements that have led to tangible changes. She wants to convey the message that even in Japan, social movements are making a difference. She also emphasizes that individuals not directly involved in movements still have the power to influence society.
Tominaga pointed to notable achievements, such as the “lifeline trial,” where welfare recipients successfully sued the government over benefit reductions, and the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations. These examples demonstrate the impact of social movements and the importance of recognizing their contributions.
Looking Ahead: A Future Full of Possibilities
After 15 years of research, Tominaga remains optimistic about the future of social movements in Japan. She noted that changes once thought impossible, such as the disappearance of Johnny & Associates Inc. following a sexual abuse scandal, have occurred due to social movements. She believes that focusing on narratives of stagnation or futility may overlook the potential for change in Japanese society.
As Japan continues to navigate political shifts and social challenges, Tominaga sees a future filled with possibilities for social movements to shape a more inclusive and equitable society.